تخفيف المهر هو السنة Reducing the mahr is the Sunnah

[أم أبي التراب]

تخفيف المهر هو السنة

Reducing the mahr is the Sunnah

السؤال

يلاحظ أن الناس الآن يزيدون جداَّ في المهر في النكاح . فعل هذا من السنة ؟ وهل حدد الشرع مقدارا معينا للمهر لا يزاد عليه ؟.

نص الجواب




الحمد لله
فإن الزواج نعمة من نعم الله تعالى ، وآية من آياته ، قال الله تعالى " وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجاً لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ " الروم / 21
وأمر الله تعالى الأولياء أن يزوجوا من تحت ولايته " وَأَنْكِحُوا الأَيَامَى مِنْكُمْ وَالصَّالِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِكُمْ وَإِمَائِكُمْ إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ " النور / 32
وذلك لما يترتب على النكاح من المصالح العظيمة ، كتكثير الأمة ، وتحقيق مباهاة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لغيره من الأنبياء ، وتحصين الرجل والمرأة من الوقوع في المحرم . . . وغير ذلك من المصالح العظيمة .
ولكن بعض الأولياء وضعوا العقبات أمام الزواج ، وصاروا حائلا دون حصوله في كثير من الحالات.
وذلك بالمغالاة في المهر ، وطلبهم من المهر الشيء الكثير مما يعجز عنه الشاب الراغب في الزواج .
حتى صار الزواج من الأمور الشاقة جدا لدى كثير من الراغبين في الزواج .
والمهر حق مفروض للمرأة ، فرضته الشريعة الإسلامية ، ليكون تعبيرا عن رغبة الرجل فيها ، قال الله تعالى "وَآتُوا النِّسَاءَ صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةً " النساء /4 .
ولا يعني هذا اعتبار المرأة سلعة تباع ، بل هو رمز للتكريم والإعزاز ، ودليل على عزم الزوج على تحمل الأعباء وأداء الحقوق .
ولم يحدد الشرع المهر بمقدار معين لا يزاد عليه .
ومع ذلك فقد رَغَّب الشرع في تخفيف المهر وتيسيره .
قال النبي صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ "خير النكاح أيسره" رواه ابن حبان . وصححه الألباني في صحيح الجامع :3300 .
وقال صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " خير الصداق أيسره " رواه الحاكم والبيهقي . وصححه الألباني في صحيح الجامع :3279 .
وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لرجل أراد الزواج " التمس ولو خاتمًا من حديد " . متفق عليه .
وقد ضرب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لأمته المثل الأعلى في ذلك ، حتى ترسخ في المجتمع النظرة الصادقة لحقائق الأمور ، وتشيع بين الناس روح السهولة واليسر .
روى أبو داود :2125، والنسائي :3375 – واللفظ له - عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا قَالَ : تَزَوَّجْتُ فَاطِمَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا ، فَقُلْتُ : يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ، ابْنِ بِي – وهو الدخول بالزوجة - . قَالَ : أَعْطِهَا شَيْئًا . قُلْتُ : مَا عِنْدِي مِنْ شَيْءٍ . قَالَ : فَأَيْنَ دِرْعُكَ الْحُطَمِيَّةُ ؟ قُلْتُ : هِيَ عِنْدِي . قَالَ : فَأَعْطِهَا إِيَّاهُ . صححه الألباني في صحيح النسائي :3160 .
فهذا كان مهر فاطمة بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم سيدة نساء أهل الجنة .
وهذا يؤكد أن الصداق في الإسلام ليس مقصوداً لذاته .
وروى ابن ماجه :1887، أن عُمَرَ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ قال : لا تُغَالُوا صَدَاقَ النِّسَاءِ فَإِنَّهَا لَوْ كَانَتْ مَكْرُمَةً فِي الدُّنْيَا أَوْ تَقْوًى عِنْدَ اللَّهِ كَانَ أَوْلاكُمْ وَأَحَقَّكُمْ بِهَا مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا أَصْدَقَ امْرَأَةً مِنْ نِسَائِهِ وَلا أُصْدِقَتْ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَنَاتِهِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ اثْنَتَيْ عَشْرَةَ أُوقِيَّةً وَإِنَّ الرَّجُلَ لَيُثَقِّلُ صَدَقَةَ امْرَأَتِهِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لَهَا عَدَاوَةٌ فِي نَفْسِهِ وَيَقُولُ قَدْ كَلِفْتُ إِلَيْكِ عَلَقَ الْقِرْبَةِ. صححه الألباني في "صحيح ابن ماجه" 1532 .
"لا تُغَالُوا" أَيْ لا تُبَالِغُوا فِي كَثْرَة الصَّدَاق . . ." وَإِنَّ الرَّجُلَ لَيُثَقِّلُ صَدَقَةَ امْرَأَتِهِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لَهَا عَدَاوَةٌ فِي نَفْسِهِ" أَيْ حَتَّى يُعَادِيَهَا فِي نَفْسه عِنْد أَدَاء ذَلِكَ الْمَهْر لِثِقَلِهِ عَلَيْهِ حِينَئِذٍ أَوْ عِنْد مُلاحَظَة قَدْره وَتَفَكُّره فِيهِ . . . "وَيَقُولُ قَدْ كَلِفْتُ إِلَيْكِ عَلَقَ الْقِرْبَةِ " حَبْل تُعَلَّق بِهِ أَيْ تَحَمَّلْت لأَجْلِك كُلّ شَيْء حَتَّى الحبل الذي تعلق به القربة اهـ من حاشية السندي على ابن ماجه .
اثنتا عشرة أوقية تساوي أربعمائة وثمانين درهما أي مائة وخمسة وثلاثون ريال فضة تقريبًا :134.4.
فهذا كان صداق بنات النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ونسائه .
قال شيخ الإسلام في "مجموع الفتاوى" 32/194 :
فمن دعته نفسه إلى أن يزيد صداق ابنته على صداق بنات رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم اللواتي هن خير خلق الله في كل فضيلة وهن أفضل نساء العالمين في كل صفة فهو جاهل أحمق ، وكذلك صداق أمهات المؤمنين ، وهذا مع القدرة واليسار ، فأما الفقير ونحوه فلا ينبغي له أن يصدق المرأة إلا ما يقدر على وفائه من غير مشقة اهـ .
وقال أيضًا في "الفتاوى الكبرى" :
"وَكَلامُ الإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ فِي رِوَايَةِ حَنْبَلٍ يَقْتَضِي أَنَّهُ يُسْتَحَبُّ أَنْ يَكُونَ الصَّدَاقُ أَرْبَعَمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ , وَهَذَا هُوَ الصَّوَابُ مَعَ الْقُدْرَةِ وَالْيَسَارِ فَيُسْتَحَبُّ بُلُوغُهُ وَلا يُزَادُ عَلَيْهِ" اهـ .
وذكر ابن القيم في "زاد المعاد" 5/178، بعض الأحاديث الدالة على تخفيف المهر وأنه لا حد لأقله ثم قال :
فتضمنت هذه الأحاديث أن الصداق لا يتقدر أقله . . . وأن المغالاة في المهر مكروهة في النكاح وأنها من قلة بركته وعسره اهـ .
وبهذا يتبين أن ما يفعله الناس الآن من زيادة المهور والمغالاة فيها أمر مخالف للشرع .
والحكمة من تخفيف الصداق وعدم المغالاة فيه واضحة :
وهي تيسير الزواج للناس حتى لا ينصرفوا عنه فتقع مفاسد خلقية واجتماعية متعددة .
وللوقوف على بعض أضرار المغالاة في المهر راجع السؤال رقم :12572 .




المصدر: الإسلام سؤال وجواب.

[أم أبي التراب]

Reducing the mahr is the Sunnah

Question

I noticed that people nowadays are increasing the mahr (dowry) for marriage a great deal.
Is this Sunnah? Does sharee’ah stipulate a certain limit for the mahr that should not be overstepped?.

Answer




Praise be to Allaah. Marriage is one of the blessings of Allaah, and one of His signs. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And among His Signs is this, that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect”
[al-Room 30:21]
Allaah commanded guardians to arrange marriages for those who are under their care, as He says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And marry those among you who are single (i.e. a man who has no wife and the woman who has no husband) and (also marry) the Saalihoon (pious, fit and capable ones) of your (male) slaves and maid-servants (female slaves). If they be poor, Allaah will enrich them out of His Bounty. And Allaah is All-Sufficient for His creatures’ needs, All-Knowing (about the state of the people)”
[al-Noor 24:32]
That is because of the great interests that are served by marriage, such as increasing the numbers of the ummah, and causing the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to feel proud before the other Prophets, and protecting both husband and wife from falling into haraam… and other great benefits.
But some guardians (walis) put obstacles in the way of marriage, which prevented those under their care from getting married in many cases.
That is because they exaggerate concerning the mahr, and demand huge dowries which a young man who wants to get married cannot afford, until marriage becomes something extremely difficult for many of those who want to get married.
The mahr is a right that is given to the woman, as enjoined by Islamic sharee’ah, as an expression of the man’s desire to marry her. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And give to the women (whom you marry) their Mahr (obligatory bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) with a good heart”
[al-Nisa’ 4:4]
This does not mean that the woman is a product to be sold, rather it is a symbol of honour and respect, and a sign that the husband is willing to shoulder his responsibilities and fulfil his duties.
Sharee’ah does not stipulate a certain limit for the mahr that should not be overstepped, but it does encourage reducing the mahr and keeping it simple.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “The best of marriage is that which is made easiest.” Narrated by Ibn Hibbaan, classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Jaami’, 3300.
And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “The best of mahrs is the simplest (or most affordable).” Narrated by al-Haakim and al-Bayhaqi, classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Jaami’, 3279.
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to a man who wanted to get married: “Look (for something to give as a dowry), even if it is a ring of iron.” Agreed upon.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) set the highest example for his ummah in that regard, so that a clear understanding of the basic principles would be implanted in society, and a spirit of simplicity would spread among the people.
Abu Dawood (2125) and al-Nasaa’i (3375) narrated from Ibn ‘Abbaas that ‘Ali said: “I married Faatimah (may Allaah be pleased with her) and said: ‘O Messenger of Allaah, let me go ahead with the marriage.’ He said: ‘Give her something.’ I said: ‘I do not have anything.’ He said: ‘Where is your Hutami shield?’ I said, ‘I have it with me.’ He said, ‘Give it to her.’” Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Nasaa’i, 3160.
This was the mahr of Faatimah, the daughter of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), the leader of the women of Paradise.
This reinforces the fact that in Islam, the mahr is not something that is sought for its own sake.
Ibn Maajah (1887) narrated that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab said: “Do not go to extremes with regard to the dowries of women, for if that were a sign of honour and dignity in this world or a sign of piety before Allaah, then Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) would have done that before you. But he did not give any of his wives, and none of his daughters were given, more than twelve uqiyah. A man may increase the dowry until he feels resentment against her and says, ‘You cost me everything I own, and caused me a great deal of hardship’.” Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Ibn Maajah, 1532.
“Do not go to extremes” means do not exaggerate in increasing the dowry. “A man may increase the dowry until he feels resentment against her” means, until he begins to hate her when he is still paying off the debts incurred because of this mahr because it is too hard for him, or whenever he thinks about the matter.
From Haashiyat al-Sindi ‘ala Ibn Maajah.
Twelve uqiyah is equivalent to 480 dirhams, i.e., approximately 135 silver riyals (134.4). This was the mahr of the daughters and wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
Shaykh al-Islam [Ibn Taymiyah] said in Majmoo’ al-Fataawa, 32/194:
Whoever thinks of increasing his daughter’s mahr and asking for more than the daughters of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) were given – when they were the best women in this world in all aspects – is an ignorant fool. The same applies to asking for more than the Mothers of the Believers were given. This applies even if one is well off and can afford it. With regard to one who is poor, he should not give a mahr greater than he can afford to pay without any hardship.
He also said in al-Fataawa al-Kubra:
The words of Imam Ahmad according to the report of Hanbal imply that it is mustahabb for the dowry to be four hundred dirhams. This is the correct view in cases where the man can afford it. It is mustahabb to pay this amount and no more.
In Zaad al-Ma’aad (5/178), Ibn al-Qayyim quoted some of the ahaadeeth that indicate that the mahr should be reduced and that there is no minimum amount. Then he said:
These ahaadeeth indicate that there is no minimum amount for the mahr… and that exaggerating concerning the mahr is makrooh, and that it reduces its barakah (blessing). End quote.
Hence it is clear that what people do nowadays, increasing the mahr and exaggerating concerning it, is something that goes against the sharee’ah.
The wisdom behind reducing the mahr and not increasing it is quote clear:
This makes it easier for people to get married, so that they will not be diverted from it, which will result in all kinds of moral and social corruption.
For more information on the harm caused by exaggerating concerning the dowry, please see question no. 12572.




Source: Islam Q&A