مقدار الفدية التي في آية الصيام The amount of fidyah mentioned in the verse on fasting

[أم أبي التراب]

مقدار الفدية التي في آية الصيام

The amount of fidyah mentioned in the verse on fasting

السؤال

ما مقدار الفدية التي ذكرت في آية الصيام ؟.


نص الجواب




الحمد لله
أولًا :
من أدركه رمضان وهو لا يستطيع الصيام لكونه شيخًا كبيرًا ، أو مريضًا لا يُرجى له الشفاء فإنه لا يجب عليه الصيام لعدم استطاعته ، فيفطر ويطعم عن كل يوم مسكينًا .
قال الله تعالى " يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ * أَيَّامًا مَعْدُودَاتٍ فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ فَمَنْ تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ وَأَنْ تَصُومُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ " البقرة/183-184.
وروى البخاري :4505: عن ابْن عَبَّاسٍ قال " لَيْسَتْ بِمَنْسُوخَةٍ هُوَ الشَّيْخُ الْكَبِيرُ وَالْمَرْأَةُ الْكَبِيرَةُ لا يَسْتَطِيعَانِ أَنْ يَصُومَا فَيُطْعِمَانِ مَكَانَ كُلِّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا " .
وقال ابن قدامة في "المغني" 4/396:
"الشَّيْخُ الْكَبِيرَ وَالْعَجُوزَ إذَا كَانَ يُجْهِدُهُمَا الصَّوْمُ , وَيَشُقُّ عَلَيْهِمَا مَشَقَّةً شَدِيدَةً , فَلَهُمَا أَنْ يُفْطِرَا وَيُطْعِمَا لِكُلِّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا . . . فَإِنْ كَانَ عَاجِزًا عَنْ الإِطْعَامِ أَيْضًا فَلَا شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ , وَ "لا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إلا وُسْعَهَا " . . . وَالْمَرِيضُ الَّذِي لا يُرْجَى بُرْؤُهُ , يُفْطِرُ , وَيُطْعِمُ لِكُلِّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا ; لأَنَّهُ فِي مَعْنَى الشَّيْخِ. اهـ . باختصار .
وفي الموسوعة الفقهية :5/117 :
"اتَّفَقَ الْحَنَفِيَّةُ وَالشَّافِعِيَّةُ وَالْحَنَابِلَةُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ يُصَارُ إلَى الْفِدْيَةِ فِي الصِّيَامِ عِنْدَ الْيَأْسِ مِنْ إمْكَانِ قَضَاءِ الأَيَّامِ الَّتِي أَفْطَرَهَا لِشَيْخُوخَةٍ لا يَقْدِرُ مَعَهَا عَلَى الصِّيَامِ , أَوْ مَرَضٍ لا يُرْجَى بُرْؤُهُ , لقوله تعالى " وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ " وَالْمُرَادُ مَنْ يَشُقُّ عَلَيْهِمْ الصِّيَامُ اهـ .
وقال الشيخ ابن عثيمين في فتاوى الصيام :ص111 :
"لا بد أن نعرف أن المريض ينقسم إلى قسمين:
القسم الأول: مريض يرجى برؤه مثل ذوي الأمراض الطارئة التي يرجى أن يشفى منها، فهذا حكمه كما قال الله تعالى "فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىظ° سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ" . ليس عليه إلا أن ينتظر البرء ثم يصوم، فإذا قدر أنه استمر به المرض في هذه الحال، ومات قبل أن يشفى فإنه ليس عليه شيء؛ لأن الله إنما أوجب عليه القضاء في أيام أخر وقد مات قبل إدراكها، فهو كالذي يموت في شعبان قبل أن يدخل رمضان لا يقضى عنه.
القسم الثاني : أن يكون المرض ملازمًا للإنسان مثل مرض السرطان ـ والعياذ بالله ـ ومرض الكلى، ومرض السكر وما أشبهها من الأمراض الملازمة التي لا يرجى انفكاك المريض منها، فهذه يفطر صاحبها في رمضان، ويلزمه أن يطعم عن كل يوم مسكينًا كالكبير والكبيرة اللذين لا يطيقان الصيام يفطران ويطعمان عن كل يوم مسكينًا ، ودليل ذلك من القرآن قوله تعالى"وَعَلَى ظ±لَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ" اهـ .
ثانيًا :
أما صفة الإطعام فيخير بين أن يعطي كل مسكين نصف صاع من الطعام كالأرز ونحوه -أي كيلو جرام ونصف تقريبًا ، أو يصنع طعامًا ويدعو إليه المساكين .
قال البخاري : وَأَمَّا الشَّيْخُ الْكَبِيرُ إِذَا لَمْ يُطِقْ الصِّيَامَ فَقَدْ أَطْعَمَ أَنَسٌ بَعْدَ مَا كَبِرَ عَامًا أَوْ عَامَيْنِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا خُبْزًا وَلَحْمًا وَأَفْطَرَ .اهـ .
وسئل الشيخ ابن باز عن امرأة كبيرة في السن ولا تطيق الصوم فماذا تفعل ؟
فأجاب :
عليها أن تطعم مسكيناً عن كل يوم نصف صاع من قوت البلد من تمر أو أرز أو غيرهما ، ومقداره بالوزن كيلو ونصف على سبيل التقريب . كما أفتى بذلك جماعة من أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ومنهم ابن عباس رضي الله عنه وعنهم ، فإن كانت فقيرة لا تستطيع الإطعام فلا شيء عليها ، وهذه الكفارة يجوز دفعها لواحد أو أكثر في أول الشهر أو وسطه أو آخره ، وبالله التوفيق" اهـ .
"مجموع فتاوى ابن باز" 15/203 .
وقال الشيخ ابن عثيمين في فتاوى الصيام :ص111:
"فيجب على المريض المستمر مرضه، وعلى الكبير من ذكر وأنثى إذا عجزوا عن الصوم أن يطعموا عن كل يوم مسكينًا، سواء إطعامًا بتمليك بأن يدفع إلى الفقراء هذا الإطعام، أو كان الإطعام بالدعوة يدعو مساكين بعدد أيام الشهر فيعشيهم كما كان أنس بن مالك رضي الله عنه يفعل حين كبر صار يجمع ثلاثين مسكينًا فيعشيهم فيكون ذلك بدلًا عن صوم الشهر" اهـ .
وسئلت اللجنة الدائمة :11/164 : عن الإطعام للعاجز في رمضان كالشيخ العاجز والمرأة العاجزة من كبر، والمريض الذي لا يشفى.
فأجابت :
"من عجز عن صوم رمضان لكبر سن كالشيخ الكبير والمرأة العجوز أو شق عليه الصوم مشقة شديدة رخص له في الفطر، ووجب عليه أن يطعم عن كل يوم مسكينًا، نصف صاع من بر - قمح- أو تمر أو أرز أو نحو ذلك مما يطعمه أهله، وكذا المريض الذي عجز عن الصوم أو شق عليه مشقة شديدة ولا يرجى برؤه لقوله تعالى"لا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إِلا وُسْعَهَا " البقرة/286. وقوله " وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ" الحج/78 . وقوله " وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ " البقرة/184" اهـ .
والله أعلم .


المصدر: الإسلام سؤال وجواب.

[أم أبي التراب]

The amount of fidyah mentioned in the verse on fasting

Question

What is the amount of fidyah that is mentioned in the verse on fasting?.

Answer




Praise be to Allaah.
If Ramadaan comes and a person is unable to fast because he is elderly or sick with no hope of recovery, then he is not obliged to fast because he is unable to do so. So he should not fast and he should feed one poor person for each day.
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“O you who believe! Observing As-Sawm (the fasting) is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may become Al-Muttaqoon (the pious).
184. [Observing Sawm (fasts)] for a fixed number of days, but if any of you is ill or on a journey, the same number (should be made up) from other days. And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day). But whoever does good of his own accord, it is better for him. And that you fast is better for you if only you know”
[al-Baqarah 2:183-184]
al-Bukhaari (4505) narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas said: This has not been abrogated. It refers to old men and old women who are not able to fast, so they should feed a poor person for each day.
Ibn Qudaamah said in al-Mughni (4/396):
If fasting is too difficult for an old man or an old woman, and will cause them intense hardship, then they are allowed not to fast, and they should feed one poor person for each day. If they are also unable to feed a poor person, then they do not have to do anything, for “Allaah burdens not a person beyond his scope” [al-Baqarah 2:286]. If a sick person has no hope of recovery, he is allowed not to fast, and he should feed one poor person for each day, because he comes under the same ruling as an old man. End quote.
In al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (5/117) it says:
The Hanafis, Shaafa’is and Hanbalis are agreed that the fidyah for not fasting should be paid when there is no hope of making up the missed fasts because of old age which makes a person unable to fast, or sickness from which there is no hope of recovery, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)” [al-Baqarah 2:184]. What is meant is those for whom it is too difficult to fast. End quote.
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in Fataawa al-Siyaam (p.111):
It is essential to note that the sick may be divided into two categories:
1 – Those for whom there is the hope of recovery, such as those with temporary sickness from which there is the hope of recovery. In this case the ruling is as Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “but if any of you is ill or on a journey, the same number (should be made up) from other days” [al-Baqarah 2:184]. All they have to do is wait until they are better, then fast. If it so happens that the sickness continues and the person dies before recovering, then there is no sin on him, because Allaah has only enjoined him to make it up from other days, but he died before those other days came. This is like a person who dies in Sha’baan before Ramadaan begins – so it should not be made up on his behalf.
2 – Cases where sickness is ongoing, such as cancer – Allaah forbid – kidney disease, diabetes and similar chronic diseases where there is no hope of recovery. These people are allowed not to fast in Ramadaan, but they have to feed one poor person for each day, like old men and women who are unable to fast, so they may not fast and should feed one poor person for each day. The evidence for that in the Qur’aan is the verse in which Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)” [al-Baqarah 2:184].
Secondly:
With regard to the manner of feeding, one has the choice between giving each poor person half a saa’ of food such as rice and the like (i.e., approximately one and a half kilograms) or making food and inviting the poor to eat.
Al-Bukhaari said: As for an old man who is unable to fast, after Anas grew old, for one or two years he fed a poor person with bread and meat and he did not fast. End quote.
Shaykh Ibn Baaz was asked about an elderly woman who was unable to fast – what should she do?
He replied:
She should feed one poor person for each day, giving half a saa’ of the local staple food, such as dates, rice, etc, which is equivalent to approximately one and a half kilograms. This was stated by a number of the companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), such as Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him). If she is poor and is unable to feed a poor person, then she does not have to do anything. This expiation may be given to one or more people at the beginning of the month or in the middle or at the end. And Allaah is the Source of strength. End quote.
Majmoo’ Fataawa Ibn Baaz (15/203).
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in Fataawa al-Siyaam (p. 111):
The sick person who has an ongoing sickness, and elderly people, both male and female, who are unable to fast, must feed one poor person for each day, whether that is by giving this food to the poor or by inviting the same number of poor people as days in the month to a meal, as Anas ibn Maalik (may Allaah be pleased with him) used to do when he grew old. He would gather together thirty poor people and that was instead of fasting for a month.
The Standing Committee (11/164) was asked about the giving of food by one who is unable to fast in Ramadaan such as old men, old women and the incurably sick.
They replied:
If a person is unable to fast in Ramadaan because of old age, such as elderly men and women, or it is very difficult for them to fast, then they are allowed not to fast, but they have to feed one poor person for each day, giving half a saa’ of wheat, dates or rice etc, the same as he gives to his own family. The same applies to a sick person who is unable to fast or for whom it is very difficult to fast, and there is no hope of recovery for him, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Allaah burdens not a person beyond his scope”
[al-Baqarah 2:286]
“and [Allaah] has not laid upon you in religion any hardship”
[al-Hajj 22:78]
““And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)””
[al-Baqarah 2:184]
And Allaah knows best.

Source: Islam Q&A